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This paper seeks to investigate the impact of venture capital firm organization (VC) on operations at portfolio companies, emphasizing particularly value added and involvement.

Prior literature indicates the importance of organizational design on the VC firm's engagement and monitoring practices. A survey methodology is used to examine such relationships, including the significance of human capital for the process of investor engagement.

The paper finds that VC organizations with a market focus and deal specialization are much more involved in portfolio companies than the firms who diversify their portfolios. This suggests that organizational focus is an important construct for explaining the degree of support accorded to portfolio companies by venture capitalists. The research also evaluates the performance outcomes of VC firm organization.

The research emphasizes the importance of organizational factors in the investment strategies of venture capital firms.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of human capital in venture capital organizations. New trends in investor behaviour have emerged in recent years. There is evidence to suggest that venture capital (VC) firms involve themselves more actively in the companies in which they invest through influencing company strategy and through using their knowledge and contacts to introduce portfolio companies to networks of suppliers and customers, professionals and alternative sources of finance.

Using survey data, the paper empirically examines the VC firms' propensity to engage in terms of the factors that make some firms more active than the others.

Specifically, the paper finds and identifies those mechanisms that are used by VC firms to develop their engagement practice, including human capital and specialized deal flow. The paper also addresses the question of the effects of VC firm engagement on performance.

The paper makes a contribution in terms of the way human capital performs in venture capital organizations and how public policies can explicitly take into account the human dimension of the investment process.

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination of some legal aspects concerning MNEs, cyberspace and e‐commerce as the means of expression of the digital economy. The whole effort of the author is focused on the examination of various aspects of MNEs and their impact upon globalisation and vice versa and how and if we are moving towards a global digital economy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion, multiple slips and Darcy-Forchheimer’s effects on entropy optimized and thermally radiative flow, thermal and mass transport of hybrid nanoliquids past stretched cylinder subject to viscous dissipation and Arrhenius activation energy.

The presented flow problem consists of the flow, heat and mass transportation of hybrid nanofluids. This model is featured with Casson fluid model and Darcy-Forchheimer model. Heat and mass transportations are represented with Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion and viscous dissipation models. Multiple slip (velocity, thermal and solutal) mechanisms are adopted. Arrhenius activation energy is considered. For graphical and numerical data, the bvp4c scheme in MATLAB computational tool along with the shooting method is used.

Amplifying curvature parameter upgrades the fluid velocity while that of porosity parameter and velocity slip parameter whittles down it. Growing mixed convection parameter, curvature parameter, Forchheimer number, thermally stratified parameter intensifies fluid temperature. The rise in curvature parameter and porosity parameter enhances the solutal field distribution. Surface viscous drag gets controlled with the rising of the Casson parameter which justifies the consideration of the Casson model. Entropy generation number and Bejan number upgrades due to growth in diffusion parameter while that enfeeble with a hike in temperature difference parameter.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research study is yet to be available in the existing literature.

The purpose of this paper is to review the key analytical principles of internalisation theory as a general theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE). It illustrates the vitality, relevance and flexibility of the approach in explaining the continued evolution of the MNE. As a grounded social science theory, it provides, in combination with history and economic geography, satisfying and novel explanations of the key phenomena of the modern globalising economy.

This paper examines the origins and principles of internalisation theory as the foundation theory of the MNE. It considers internalisation theory in the context of current and mainstream theories and concepts in the field of international business.

Internalisation theory is equally valid for the MNEs of yesteryear as it is for those today. The theory continues to have strong explanatory power for MNE activity. Current research areas, such as multiple embeddedness, fine-slicing of the value chain, etc., and other theories, such as dynamic capabilities and the resource-based view, either are subsets of internalisation and thus explained by the theory, or contain weakness and/or inconsistencies not found in internalisation theory.

This paper coherently synthesises internalisation theory, its origins and evolution. It shows how commonly held and current concepts and theories are related to internalisation theory or have weaknesses, thus making internalisation theory a superior theory to explain the MNE, and identifies potential applications of the theory to novel research areas in the field of international business.

This chapter analyses the rise of the ‘global factory’ – the globally integrated network centred on a focal multinational enterprise. This is a response to the increased volatility of the global economy and involves the creation of systems that allow flexibility in both the location and the control of increasingly ‘fine-sliced’ activities, the avoidance of monopoly and the evolution of new management skills. Foreign direct investment is only one strategy amongst several utilised by globally integrated multinationals.

We examine the mode of international expansion as an equilibrium governance contract between home country and host country factor owner. The focus is on agency costs, a form of transactions costs. Two phenomena are shown to be related to the agency costs imposed by factor owners: (i) the choice of different modes of international expansion by one firm in different locations, and (ii) the simultaneous occurrence of several forms of foreign involvement in the same location. We attempt to characterize the dynamic relationship between the mode of an offshore operation and changes in factor market conditions that affect agency costs.

In conventional international business literature, the marketing and transport functions are either ignored or assumed to be governed by the same factors that determine production. An attempt is made to introduce the integration that is long overdue. The factors which determine the decisions of location and internalisation are examined, and analysis is made of the important role played by information flows in the planning of an integrated channel system. The conclusion is that simplistic categorisations are too crude, and that an integrated treatment, recognising the interdependencies and cost implications of each function, is essential for a complete conceptualisation of the foreign market servicing decision.

The growth in derivative activities, and the change in the way financial firms conduct these activities, has led to the development of practices within firms to manage risk. These practices relate to both the organisational context in which risk management takes place, and the measurement of market risk. Proposals and recommendations have been made in a number of reports in an attempt to encourage firms to adopt best practice, as identified by the Group of Thirty, through public disclosure requirements and rides for determining the amount of regulatory capital to support trading and derivatives activities. The adoption of best practice, together with the benefits of increased transparency and more appropriate methods for determining capital requirements, is seen to lead to a reduction in systemic risk. This paper examines the main proposals and recommendations made in the reports. In particular, the use of market risk measurement models, developed for internal risk management purposes, for public disclosures of market risk and for calculating regulatory capital is critically examined.